Winner of the New Statesman SPERI Prize in Political Economy 2016


Thursday 21 June 2018

A new mandate for monetary policy


John McDonnell wants to raise UK investment not by cutting corporation tax but by diverting funds from parts of the financial sector away from property to new investment by UK firms. That is a laudable aim. But giving the Bank of England that task with a 3% productivity target is not the best way to do that. However that is not because I think central banks cannot influence productivity.

The kind of toy model many people work with is that monetary policy is all about stabilising the business cycle, but that stabilisation has no impact on the medium term level of  output and productivity. That is because productivity is determined by the ‘supply side’ of the UK economy. And this toy model worked particularly well for the UK economy, which from the early 1950s until before the GFC seemed to always bounce back to an underlying trend rate of growth for GDP per capita of around two and a quarter per cent.

However over none of that period did we experience a recession where nominal interest rates hit their lower bound and fiscal policy turned from stimulus to austerity before the recovery had begun. In other words in none of these periods did we have a persistent period of deficient demand with growth never exceeding its long term average. I have argued that it is wrong to see the UK productivity puzzle as a period of uniform gloom since the recession, but rather there were periods of growth which were set back by uncertainty following two additional major policy shocks: austerity and the EU referendum.

Yet if you ask UK monetary policymakers whether they think they have done a good job over the last 10 years, they will say (in public at least) that they think they have. They do not say they have failed because of shocks they couldn’t control, which would be a reasonable position, but rather they have done reasonably well at controlling the economy. In the context of the slowest recovery for at least a century, with a consequent permanent hit to output (output is over 15% below previous trends), that degree of public self-satisfaction indicates a major problem. And if you ask them how they can possibly be satisfied they will talk to you about inflation.

This is a clear reason to question the inflation target. Although in toy models controlling inflation should also mean controlling output, the real world is much more confusing. By making the bottom line inflation, we are bound to make policymakers worry too much about inflation relative to output. The clearest case for me was 2011, when the ECB and almost the MPC raised rates when the recovery from recession was only just beginning.

For that reason I have long supported a more US style twin mandate. Yet although the US had a better recovery than the UK or Eurozone, the Fed still seems to be giving inflation much more weight than employment. But you cannot ignore inflation completely. The mandate I propose for monetary policy is this:

To maximise output growth subject to maintaining inflation within 1% of its target by the end of a (rolling) 5 year period.

Another thing we have learnt from the Great Recession is that policy has to change once nominal interest rates hit their lower bound. So I would, following Ben Bernanke, add to this mandate a ‘lower bound adaptation’ where the moment interest rates hit their lower bound the inflation target would be converted into an equivalent path for the price level. That would mean that if inflation undershot its target during the recession, it would have to overshoot it before rates could be lifted above their lower bound. I would also require central banks the moment they think rates will hit the lower bound to say publicly that fiscal stimulus is now required to meet its target.

This is a dual mandate, but one that puts the emphasis on output rather than inflation. [1] Why the 1% tolerance? Because it echos current UK arrangements (when the governor has to write letters) but in practice will raise average inflation. This is a feature rather than a bug: another lesson of the last recession is that there is a strong case for a higher inflation target, but in a situation where the Chancellor sets the target it is very difficult to formally raise the target because many people think higher inflation means lower real wages.

Tasking central banks to maximise output subject to an inflation constraint is certainly better than setting a probably unattainable target for productivity growth when we have no idea what the maximum productivity growth rate is. My suggestion is a dual mandate that puts the emphasis on output and makes clear inflation is a medium term concern, making it easier for central banks to see through temporary shocks to inflation like one-off depreciations. The nature of the target recognises that policy has to adapt when nominal interest rates hit their lower bound. Comments very welcome.

[1] What is the logic of giving inflation zero weight in the short run and total importance in the long run? The answer lies in asking what the costs of inflation are. Modern analysis looks at how when prices are sticky but set at different times, inflation distorts relative prices. But inflation due to changes in flexible prices is costless. Now it is not easy to distinguish between the two types of prices in price indices, but inflationary shocks that impact on flexible prices are likely to be short lived, while those that impact on sticky prices will be more prolonged. It therefore makes sense to ignore temporary changes in inflation (those that die out within five years), but because of the vertical long run Phillips curve have a medium term inflation target.     



9 comments:

  1. "To maximise output growth subject to maintaining inflation within 1% of its target by the end of a (rolling) 5 year period."

    So given that we have near full employment and that the labour force is now rising more slowly, we should improve productivity by raising interest rates and pushing inefficient businesses to the wall.

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  2. I understand you write about the UK but I guess one could make virtually the same recommendation for the ECB. The thing is even if the mandate of the ECB was changed, it couldn't possibly call for fiscal stimulus because of the idiotic deficit limit (right now only Germany would have fiscal space...).

    Anyway, I guess changing the ECB mandate is just wishful thinking because of you-know-who.

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  3. Hi Simon, I guess you're aware of this, but Laurence Summers spoke on this issue at Sintra 2 days ago, emphasizing the need for a symetric inflation target, a higher nominal target (given that the natural real interest rate is probably on a trend decline), and that it must be recognised that monetary policy has real effects that should be considered in all CBs official mandates (wake-up call to the ECB). Regards! Patrick

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  4. Re the idea that a dual mandate makes it “easier for central banks to see through temporary shocks to inflation like one-off depreciations”, strikes me the Bank of England has been good at seeing cost push inflation when that occurs. To that extent I’d question the need for a dual mandate.

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  5. Much much better would be in the case of hitting the lower bound to convert inflation target to wage growth rate. That way the ir will not be risen untill the fuller employment starts raising inflation. But that would mean that economist would have to publicly recognize the real inflation mover.
    Economists do recognize the wage growth as inflation mover and that is why so many roundabout ways were designed to fight it as if wage growth is not prosperity growth too.

    Wage growth is also a mover of productivity growth. As wages grow, emplyers try to find ways to lower the number of wages needed to produce at the same level. Employers turn to automatization and better tools. I know that since i felt it on my skin as an employer in two different wage level countries.
    In more expensive labor place i was willing to spend more on tools that ease work for my laborers which raised their peoductivity. In low wage country there was no need for that.
    This is the reason that Germany and Japan can have their success even though of higher labor costs and also have technical advancement as a result.
    Wage growth is the real mover of inflation as it also allows for more credit issuance which is the secondary mover of inflation. Sure credit availability can change and affect asset prices.

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  6. Simon, I agree with you what it is important to capture the long-run growth effects of stabilization policy. See my Voxeu column for details, https://voxeu.org/article/stabilising-real-economy-increases-average-output

    Karl

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  7. If output were to increase at a more rapid rate than the inflation rate or vise versa, shouldn't they eventually just naturally balance each other out? Does a proactive take on the inflation rate work to create a stable increase in inflation rate work rather than letting the market sort itself then have a reactionary monetary policies for when the rate swings too far outward or inward?

    I always thought more proactive policies tend to little/no effects and that changes came through from just natural market variances.
    It sometimes seems that monetary policies are done to keep the public's confidence rather than have effects on the economy but I am far from an expert, more of a passenger.

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  8. Flexible inflation targets are in practice very similar to a dual mandate. They allow central banks to keep output closer to target when trade off inducing shocks hit the economy. We have a flexible inflation target here in the U.K. (See 2016/17 and 2011). I would agree that the macroeconomic framework needs changes but I don't think a dual mandate is one of them.

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