A government of small change

 

Since the end of the 1970s, when a new party has taken power in the UK they have started with a reasonably loud bang. Thatcher brought monetarism and neoliberalism. With Blair/Brown came an independent Bank of England, a national minimum wage, peace in Northern Ireland, a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly. With Cameron/Osborne came austerity.

Compared to this, Labour’s first six months have been pretty low key. There have been changes to planning procedures to speed up investment projects, legislation to extend workers rights and protect those renting their accommodation. The nearest Labour can get to an era defining change is a collection of measures to reduce global warming, but it seems notable that Miliband’s influence within Labour has fallen substantially over the last year.

Those on the left will no doubt claim that this reflects the dominance of the Labour right in the new government. I don’t think that is very helpful, because as the start of the Blair/Brown era showed, being on the left is not necessary to enact major new policies. Furthermore this government has not avoided announcing ambitious goals. What is missing so far at least is a similar ambition in the means to achieve those goals.

Take for example the EU, where Labour’s ‘red lines’ have condemned it to only consider very minor improvements in our trading relationship. Brexit has already knocked a few percent points from GDP. To take two specific examples of that, car production in the UK has more than halved since Brexit and business investment has stalled. According to the OBR a significant part of its damage caused by Brexit has yet to come.

With the EU and with so many other areas, Labour is keeping to its policy in opposition of avoiding any big policy initiatives. One reason I have explored in the past for this extreme caution is that Labour wants the votes of social conservatives. In opposition they positioned themselves as reflecting the views of the economically slightly left of centre and moderately socially conservative voter, and that is where they intend to stay. In electoral terms that makes perfect sense, as I argued back in early 2021. [1] There are three main reasons why its very hard for a socially liberal party to win a General Election in the UK: FPTP favours (older) social conservatives because the (younger) socially liberal vote is concentrated in cities (and older voters are more likely to vote), there are other parties going after the socially liberal vote, and the media influenced by the right wing press favours socially conservative politicians (contrast the amount of coverage Farage gets compared to the Liberal Democrats or Greens).

Brexit was overwhelmingly supported by social conservatives, so this helps explain Labour’s caution on this issue. Much the same is true with immigration. But explanation is different from justification. Whereas opposition positions can be taken without worrying too much about the consequences if those positions are adopted as policy, governments bear the costs of the policy positions they adopt. I’ve talked about the political costs of the government’s immigration rhetoric elsewhere. The costs of largely accepting the Brexit status quo are much more tangible, particularly for a government that has staked so much on better economic growth.

Labour’s stance on Brexit is particularly odd given that significant economic benefits are possible without actually rejoining the EU. The obvious first step is to apply to rejoin the EU’s customs union. The actions of Donald Trump provide the perfect excuse to break Labour’s commitment not to do so. Joining the EU’s custom union modifies but does not reverse Brexit, despite what Brexiteers will claim. (Quite why Labour should allow those that lied their way to Brexit the ability to define what Brexit means is beyond me.) It seems very doubtful that losing the UK’s ability to set its own tariffs and make its own trade deals would cost that many votes, but it would bring economic and (with Trump) political benefits. [2]

The other main area where the record of the Labour government will be judged at the next election is public services. Yet here again, the government has shown an excessive degree of caution. Labour’s pre-election commitments are part of the problem here, although Reeves was given the perfect excuse to reverse the personal national insurance cuts when Labour came into office, but she chose to hit pensioners instead. Even with the possible tax increases still available the Chancellor in her last budget did a lot less than she could have done. The result is that planned current public spending for 2029/30, at 39.7% of GDP, is below its level in 2222/3 (40.7%). With the public services in a dire state at the end of the last government, stasis is rightly not going to appeal to voters.

If the Chancellor has been far too cautious on tax increases, she has not been cautious in alienating voters in other ways. Ending the pensioners’ winter fuel allowance, whatever you might think of the economics, managed to be very unpopular with many voters without saving a great deal of money. Supporting a third runway for Heathrow is bound to lose Labour some votes, with once again having little impact on economic growth.

In both cases it is as if the Chancellor has chosen an unpopular decision as a demonstration of her determination to achieve broader goals: manage the public finances with the cut to pensioners income and economic growth with the third runway. But when you are Chancellor rather than Shadow Chancellor you don’t need such tokens. No one would genuinely have doubted the Chancellor’s determination to stick to her fiscal rules, or Labour’s desire to boost growth and living standards, even if the winter fuel allowance hadn’t been scrapped and Labour hadn’t committed to a third runway for Heathrow. The term ‘political judgement’ is overused, but these actions do look like a failure of political judgement.

Far more serious is that the government appears to have seriously underestimated what is required to stop voters justifiably feeling that ‘nothing works’ in the UK. The idea that once growth returns lots of additional resources will become available is greatly exaggerated, if not simply wrong. After all, the figures I gave earlier (and have looked at in greater detail here) are for spending as a percentage of GDP.

Labour have put a great deal of effort into defining and redefining their goals (with missions etc), but they don’t appear to have done the basic groundwork on what policies and actions it will need to take to achieve those goals. Marginal improvements together with an absence of the chaos we saw under the Conservatives are good to have, but given the disaster in terms of living standards and public services that they bequeathed Labour those things alone might be enough to stop things getting worse, but they are not going to be enough to turn things around.

If I am right about this, it will not only have been a wasted opportunity, but it will also have a serious political cost. As in the US, the main political battle in the UK is between the conventional centre or centre/left and a populist very socially conservative right wing. The less living standards improve, and if improvements in public services are marginal, the more ammunition this gives to the populist right with their entirely bogus claims that these problems are just down to immigration. When the government does nothing to contest these claims but appears to validate them, then (with a media biased towards populism [4]) the only way to resist the appeal of these populist claims is to significantly improve public services and living standards.

[1] What I got wrong in that post was the ability of Boris Johnson (who initially aimed for similar ground through higher public spending in some areas) to self-destruct and the failure of the Conservative party to resist a tax cutting agenda.

[2] Even with the much more contentious issue of the Single Market, there are signs that recent record high immigration levels mean that voters will no longer see free movement as the negative light they once did.

[3] It is true that Reeves in her October budget increased spending relative to the previous government’s plans, but few will remember that.

[4] And with Labour making no attempt so far to change this.